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What/Who is the Speech-language pathology/ist?

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association definition:

A speech-language pathologist (SLP) work to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive-communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults.

These disorders include: 1-Speech sounds problems: problems in the ability to say sound and put them together. 2-Language: problems in the ability to understand what we hear and read and how to use words to convey ideas and feelings. 3-Social communication (Pragmatics): following rules, taking turns, body language and gestures problems. 4-Voice: how healthy the voice is. 5-Fluency (Stuttering): pebbles with speech flow. 6-Feeding and Swallwing: include sucking, chewing, swallowing food and liquids problems.

What is speech?

Speech is the way we say sounds and words and includes: 1-Articulation which is the process of using mouth, tongue and lips to produce sounds. 2-Voice which is the result of using the vocal folds and the breath. 3-Fluency which is the rhythm of the speech.

What is Language?

Language is the words and sentences (cods) we use to share ideas and communicate. * receptive language: the ability to understand words. *expressive language: the ability to use words and sentences to convey meaning and massages to others.

What is communication?

Communication is the process of exchanging massages between two or more people using verbal or nonverbal language.

What is language disorders?

1-Receptive language disorder: having problems in understanding what other people say 2-Expressive language disorder: having problem sharing ideas and feelings with other by using verbal language. 3-In general: language disorders include: understanding, writing, reading and talking.

What is speech disorder?

People with speech disorder might experience problems with: 1-Not be able to say sounds clearly. 2-Have a raspy or a hoarse voice. 3-Stutter: repeat sounds or pause when speak.

source:ASHA.org

Articulation disorders

What is “Articulation disorders”?

Articulation is the process in which sounds are produced when the articulators (lips, tongue, jaw, palate and teeth) alter the air that is coming from the vocal folds. However, when an individual cannot produce or distort a sound that is expected in a certain age, it affects the intelligibility of the person and the listener understanding. So; Articulation disorders area subcategory of speech disorders and they are motor errors that can happen among people in all ages but most common in children.

What are the types articulation disorders?

1- substitution 2- omission 3- addition 4- distortion.

1- Substitution: substitutes one sound with another. For example, the use the sound “w” instead of “r” in “wabbit” for “rabbit”.

2- Omission (deletion): deleting some sound. For example, deleting the “s” in “poon” for “spoon”.

3- Addition: adding or inserting one or more than one sound in a word. For example, adding the sound “uh” in “buhlack” for “black”.

4- Distortion: changing or alerting sounds. For example, a lateral “s”.

What are the causes?

The cause is UNKNOWN ; however, there are some risk factors that could influence the occurrence of the articulation disorders:

1- Gender : males are at more risk of articulation disorders than females.

2- Pre- and perinatal issues: maternal stress and infections during the time of pregnancy, preterm delivery, and low-weight could be factors associated with speech and sounds disorders.

3- Family history: children who are born to parents with articulation disorders are more likely to have language/articulation disorders.

4- Persistent otitis media with effusion has been associated with speech development problems.

consonants vs. vowels:

  • Place of articulation for consonants: bilabial, interdental, labiodental, alveolar, palatal and velar.   
  • Manner of articulation for consonants: stop, fricative, affricate, liquids, glides, nasal.
  • Voicing for consonants: voiced, voiceless.
  • Articulation of vowels has five characters: tense/lack, front/back, high/low, rounded/ unrounded, /r/-coloring.

Articulation phonetics:

  • Deals with the production’s features of speech sounds, their categorization, and classification according to specific details of their production.

Examples of common articulation disorders:

– phonological processes:

1- Syllable structure processes:

  • Reduplication: common process during children’s first 50-words stage ; e.g. [Wawa] for “Water”.
  • Final consonant deletion: another early process ; e.g. (do) for “dog”.
  • Weak(unstressed) syllable deletion: suppressed later than FCD ; e.g. [nænɘ] for “banana”.
  • Consonant cluster reduction: lasts for a relatively longer time ; e.g. [pun].
  • Epenthesis: intrusive schwa ; e.g. [pɘliz] for “please”.

2- Substitution processes:

  • Stopping: replacement of stops for fricatives and affricates ; [tʌn] for “sun”.
  • Fronting : replacing palatals and velars with alveolar consonants ; [tʊti] for “cookie”.
  • Gliding of [r] and [l]: can be found even in children as old as seven years ; [wes] for “race”.

3- Assimilation processes:

  • Velar harmony: velar assimilation ; [gɔk] for “dog”, [kak] for “talk”.
  • Assimilation processes which influence preceding consonants (progressive) ; e.g. [bebu] for “table”, [bap] for “stop”.

4- Voicing changes:

  • Initial (prevocalic) voicing: when consonant comes between vowel, the child start to do some voicing ; “top” become [dap].
  • Final devoicing: voiced obstruents in the syllable at the end of a word become voiceless ; e.g. “pig” become [pɪk].

5- Some unusual deletion:

  • Initial consonant deletion: at all consonants at the beginning of words will be deleted ; “shoe” become [u].
  • Glottal replacement: when consonant is replaced with glottal stop [ʔ] ; e.g. “chicken” become [tʃɪʔɪn].
  • Backing:  Replacing a non-velar or non-glottal consonant with a velar or glottal consonant ; e.g. “tea” become [ki].

Resource: American speech-language-hearing association.

Resource: Paul, R., & Norbury, C. (2007). Language disorders from infancy through adolescence Assessment and intervention. St. Luis, MO: Mosby.

Traumatic Brain Injury in pediatric and adult / اصابات الدماغ عند الرضع والبالغين

Caregivers are always engage not to ignore their child’s injuries in the head. In daily life, caregivers might use some home treatment only when they should not. Caregivers might use ice pads or rub the injured area to minimize the pain without seeking medical help. The problem is not in the current time but what might the injury bring to the future. According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 50% of TBI in children ages 0 to 14 months caused by falls and shaking the baby.

دائمًا ما ينصح الأهالي بعدم اهمال سقوط الرضيع على رأسه ، لكن للأسف في الغالب نلجأ لفرك الرأس بالثلج لتخفيف الألم. المشكلة ليست في الألم الحالي ولكن بالخلل الذي قد يسببه ارتطام الرأس بالارض و غيرها. تشكل نسبة اصابات الدماغ عند الأطفال حديثي الولادة الى ١٤ شهر نسبة ٥٠ بالمئة سببها السقوط أو هز الرضيع بقوة لتنويمه أو بغرض اللعب معه ! لذلك الوعي بهذا الموضوع مهم جدًا لانه قد يسبب مشاكل صحية مستقبليه

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a form of nondegenerative acquired brain injury, resulting from an external physical force to the head (e.g., fall) or other mechanisms of displacement of the brain within the skull (e.g., blast injuries). (ASHA)

إصابات الدماغ الرضحية: هي شكل من أشكال إصابة الدماغ المكتسبة غير التنكسية والناتجة عن إصابة خارجية في الرأس أو إصابة داخل الجمجمة تسبب مشاكل ادراكية، جسدية ، اجتماعية، عاطفية وسلوكية

Symptoms for pediatric and adult include:

  1. Physical: * Vomiting *Pain *Headaches *Fatigue *Dizziness *Impaired balance *Nausea
  2. Sensory-Perceptual (auditory): *Tinnitus *Hypersensitivity to sounds *Difficulty hearing speech in noise.
  3. Sensory-perceptual(visual): *sensitivity to light *changes in visual acuity * Double vision
  4. Sensory-perceptual(other): * loss of taste (Gustatory) *Inability to recognize smell (Olfactory) *Change in perception to pain, pressure and/or temperature.
  5. Cognition(attention): *decreased attention *difficulty in shifting attention *Difficulty focusing
  6. Cognition(executive functioning): *Difficulty in flexibility *Difficulty in goal setting *deficits in judgment *Difficulty in strategy selection *Difficulty in decision making.
  7. Cognition(memory and learning): * problems in short-term memory * problems in retrieving information *deficits in working memory that affect following directions.
  8. Language: *Difficulty taking turns in conversation *Impaired ability to use nonverbal *Difficulty formulating fluent speech *Difficulty making inferences *Difficulty understanding abstract language/concepts *Difficulty comprehending written text *Difficulty planning, organizing, writing
  9. Speech: *Apraxia of speech (motor programming) *Aprosodia/dysposodia, marked by deficits in intonation, pitch, stress, and rate *Dysarthria characterized by articulatory imprecision and/or vowel distortions *Hypernasality secondary to paresis or paralysis of velopharyngeal muscles involved in speech
  10. Voice: *hoarseness, strained–strangled voice and glottal fry * Neurogenic phonatory abnormalities resulting from injury to sensory or motor innervations to the vocal folds
  11. Feeding and Swallowing: *Risk of aspiration while eating related to impact of cognitive impairment *Oral and/or pharyngeal dysphagia
  12. Behavioral and Emotional: *Lack of motivation *Depression *Emotional lability *Mood changes *Difficulty identifying emotions of self and others (alexithymia) *Anxiety *Changes in sleep patterns

الاعراض للرضع والبالغين

١. البدنية: * القيء * الألم * الصداع * التعب * الدوخة * ضعف التوازن * الغثيان

٢. الحسية الإدراكية (السمعية): * طنين * فرط الحساسية للأصوات * صعوبة في سماع الكلام في الضوضاء

٣. الحسية الإدراكية (البصرية): * حساسية للضوء * تغييرات في حدة البصر * الرؤية المزدوجة

٤. الحسية الإدراكية (أخرى):  * فقدان التذوق * عدم القدرة على التعرف على الرائحة (الشم) * تغيير في إدراك اللألم والضغط و / أو درجة الحرارة

٥. الإدراك (الانتباه): * انخفاض الاهتمام بالاشياء * صعوبة في تحويل الانتباه من شيء لاخر * صعوبة في التركيز

٦. الإدراك (الأداء التنفيذي): * صعوبة في المرونة * صعوبة في تحديد الهدف * العجز في اطلاق الاحكام * صعوبة في اختيار الاستراتيجيات * صعوبة في صنع القرار

٧. الإدراك (الذاكرة والتعلم): * مشاكل في الذاكرة على المدى القصير * مشاكل في استرجاع المعلومات * العجز في اتباع الاتجاهات

٨. اللغة:* صعوبة في التناوب في المحادثة * ضعف القدرة على استخدام اللغة غير اللفظية * صعوبة في صياغة الكلام بطلاقة * صعوبة في الاستدلال * صعوبة فهم اللغة المجردة / المفاهيم * صعوبة فهم النص المكتوب * صعوبة تخطيط وتنظيم الكتابة

٩. الكلام: * صعوبة في تغيير نغمة الصوت أو الإيقاع أو التجويد * (عسر التلفظ) بسبب شلل في العضلات المستخدمة في الحديث أو إضرابات الجهاز العصبي

١٠. الصوت: *بحة في الصوت * تشوهات صوتية عصبية ناتجة عن إصابة الحبال الصوتية

١١. التغذية والبلع: * صعوبة في النطق بملء النفس بسبب ضعف الإدراك والوعي * عسر الهضم عن طريق الفم و / أو البلعوم

١٢. سلوكية و عاطفية: * عدم وجود الدافع * الاكتئاب * تغييرات في المزاج * صعوبة تحديد العواطف للنفس وللآخرين *القلق * تغييرات في أنماط النوم

Treatment : it depends on the severity of the condition, age of the person and other factors.

.العلاج : يعتمد على شدة الحالة وعمر المصاب وعوامل أخرى

Roles of speech-Language pathologist:

  • Identifying risk factors for TBI with consideration of the individual differences
  • Providing prevention information to individuals and groups known to be at risk for TBI as well as to individuals working with those at risk
  • Screening individuals with TBI for hearing, speech, language, cognitive-communication, and swallowing difficulties
  • Decide if the individual needs further assessment or other services
  • Provide a comprehensive assessment and diagnosing speech, language, cognitive-communication, and swallowing.
  • Set goals and treatment plans include direct/Indirect intervention
  • Report treatment outcomes and follow up progress
  • Counseling individual with TBI and their caregivers if needed.
  • Provide training (use of augmentative and alternative communication)

دور أخصائي النطق والتخاطب

تحديد عوامل الخطر لـلمصاب مع مراعاة الاختلافات الفردية *

توفير معلومات الوقاية للأفراد العرضة لخطر إصابة الدماغ الرضحية وكذلك للأفراد العاملين مع المصاب *

فحص السمع والكلام واللغة والتواصل المعرفي وصعوبات البلع للأفراد المصابين *

تحديد ما إذا كان الفرد بحاجة إلى مزيد من التقييم أو خدمات أخرى *

توفير تقييم شامل وتشخيص الكلام واللغة والتواصل المعرفي والبلع *

وضع اهداف وخطط العلاج والتي قد تكون مباشرة/ غير مباشرة *

مراقبة نتائج العلاج ومتابعة التقدم العلاجي *

تقديم المشورة للفرد المصاب ومقدمي الرعاية له إذا لزم الأمر *

توفير التدريب على استخدام طرق التواصل المعززة والبديلة *

references/مصادر

www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589942939&section=Causes

http://www.asha.org/PRPSpecificTopic.aspx?folderid=8589935337&section=Overview

http://www.mayoclinic.org/ar/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378561